Recommendations
For future work in this topic it would be useful to study some cities that don’t compost and why. More personal interviews could have been helpful as well, but those were hard to come by. I ran into some trouble because when I told potential sources I was researching their programs for a school project, they must have been a bit skeptical because often times they would not return my calls or were reluctant to give me their names and told me to quote the website. My trouble reaching the students who run their school’s composting programs is understandable because they are often unavailable or would forget to call me back. Because of this almost all of my sources are websites, most of which had been updated in the past year thankfully, but the only way to find exact up to date information is to talk to someone. It would be a good idea to leave a lot of time to get telephone interviews for further research because it can take up to a couple of days just to reach one person. Lastly, it would be interesting to calculate the explicit financial benefits or costs of the composting programs that I studied, just to see how economically sustainable they are. Other than that I was able to find most of the information I needed and put together, what I think, is a cohesive study.
Sources
San Francisco:
1) "Residential Compost Collection Program." Recology SF. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.recologysf.com/residentialCompost.htm>.
--Recology’s sf website.
1.1) "Separating Kitchen Scraps." (Winter 2010). Recology SF. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://sunsetscavenger.com/pdf/RecologySFWinter2010.pdf>.
--Quarterly Recology newsletter.
1.2) "Communities We Serve." Recology. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://www.recology.com/profile/communities.php>.
--Recology’s website.
1.3) Recology SF. Media Kits. 24 Nov. 2009. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://www.recology.com/press_room/media_kit.php?
kit=urban_farm>.
--Recology press release
2) "San Francisco City, California." Population Finder. US Census Bureau. Web. 02 Dec. 2010.
<http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US0667000&
_geoContext=01000US&_street=&_county=san+francisco&_cityTown=san+francisco&
_state=04000US06&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pg>.
--SF population facts
2.1) "San Francisco (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau." State and County QuickFacts. US Census Bureau. Web.
02 Dec. 2010. <http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0667000.html>.
--US Census Bureau for SF
3) "Sfenvironment.org: Our City's Programs: Zero Waste: Composting." Sfenvironment.org: Main - Our Home. Our City.
Our Planet. SF Environment. Web. 03 Dec. 2010. <http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_programs/topics.html?
ssi=3&ti=6>.
--San Francisco's Environment Department
3.1) Made, Soko. Telephone interview. 23 Nov. 2010.
--City Government Zero Waste Assistant
4) Jepson Prairie Organics, Inc. Web. 30 Dec. 2010. <http://www.jepsonprairieorganics.com/>.
--A wholly owned subsidiary of Recology, operates a compost facility at 6426 Hay Road, two miles east of Vacaville,
California.
Seattle:
5) "Seattle Public Utilities -- Food & Yard Waste at Your House." Seattle.gov Home Page - The Official Web Site for the City of
Seattle, Washington. Web. 25 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.seattle.gov/util/Services/Yard/Yard_Waste_Collection/index.asp>.
--Seattle’s public website
5.1) Seattle Public Utilities. Where Does It Go? Seattle Public Utilities. See What Goes in Your Recycling, Food and Yard
Waste or Garbage. Jan. 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.seattle.gov/util/groups/public/@spu/@csb/documents/webcontent/spu02_014944.pdf>.
--List of things you can and can’t compost
5.2) Seattle Public Utilities. Look Who's Composting. Web. 25 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.seattle.gov/util/groups/public/@spu/@csb/documents/webcontent/spu02_014492.pdf>.
--Businesses that compost in Seattle
5.3) "Seattle (city) QuickFacts." US Census Bureau, 16 Aug. 2010. Web. 02 Dec. 2010.
<http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/53/5363000.html>.
--US Census Bureau facts on seattle
5.4) "Seattle City Council Resolution Index." Seattle City Clerk's Online Information Services. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~scripts/nph-brs.exe?s1=&s3=&s2=&s4=zero
waste&Sect4=AND&l=20&Sect2=THESON&Sect3=PLURON&Sect5=RESNY&Sect6=HITOFF&d
=RESF&p=1&u=/~public/resny.htm&r=10&f=G>.
--Details of resolution 30990
6) Doughman, Andrew. "Seattle Piles on to Its National Leadership in Composting." Seattle Times 15 Apr. 2010. Seattle
Times Newspaper. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011619399
_compost16m.html?syndication=rss>.
--"Seattle piles on to its national leadership in composting” article
7) Home | Cedar Grove. 2008. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://www.cedar-grove.com/default.asp>.
--The company that processes all of Seattle’s compost
7.1) "Technology: Making a Difference." Cedar Grove. 2008. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://www.cedar
grove.com/about/technology.asp>.
--Information about Cedar Grove’s technology
Vancouver:
8) "Residential Food Scraps Collection." City of Vancouver. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://vancouver.ca/projects/foodWaste/index.htm>.
8.1) "Vancouver Fast Facts." BCPassport. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.bcpassport.com/vancouver-vital-
information/vancouver-fastfacts.aspx>.
--Vancouver facts
8.2) "Greenest City 2020." City of Vancouver. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://vancouver.ca/greenestcity/index.htm>.
--Vancouver’s Greenest City 2020 website
8.3) City of Vancouver. Vancouver Green Capital. City of Vancouver. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://vancouver.ca/greencapital/pdf/VGC_City-Wide_Composting_FactSheet.pdf>.
--Compost fact sheet
9) Thomson, Stephen. "City of Vancouver to Launch Food-scrap Composting Service." Straight.com. 20 Apr. 2010. Web. 30
Nov. 2010. <http://www.straight.com/article-318847/vancouver/city-vancouver-launch-
foodscrap-composting-service>.
10) "Technologies." Fraser Richmond Soil & Fibre Ltd. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://www.fraserrichmond.ca/technologies/>.
--Fraser Richmond’s composting website
10.1) "Aerated Static Pile Composting." US Environmental Protection Agency, 7 Oct. 2008. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/composting/static.htm>.
--About aerated static pile composting
Providence:
11) "Providence Recycling Office." City of Providence - The Creative Capital. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.providenceri.com/green/index.php>.
--Recycling website for providence
11.1) "Providence (city) QuickFacts." US Census Bureau. Web. 2 Dec. 2010.
<http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/44/4459000.html>.
--US Census Bureau facts on Providence
11.2) A Look at Rhode Island Agriculture. US Department of Agriculture. Web. 2 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.agclassroom.org/kids/stats/rhodeisland.pdf>.
--Facts about providence farmland
11.3) Gerritt, Greg. E-mail interview. 30 Nov. 2010.
--Where providence’s waste goes, what to do
11.4) "Providence, Rhode Island (RI) Profile." Onboard Informatics. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.city-
data.com/city/Providence-Rhode-Island.html>.
--Data on income demographics.
11.5) Rhode Island Department of Labor and Training. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.dlt.ri.gov/>.
--Providence unemployment stats
11.6) "Greg Gerritt." Green Party of the United States. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.gp.org/speakers/detail.php?ID=13>.
--Info on Greg Gerritt
Evergreen State College:
12) "Compost Facility at Evergreen." The Evergreen State College. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.evergreen.edu/cell/compost.htm>.
--The school’s composting facility
12.1) The Evergreen State College. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.evergreen.edu>.
--Evergreen's website, general info on the school
12.2) Angela Schools the New Kid on Composting. YouTube. Web. 31 Nov. 2010. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=WYXjb2FQhj8&feature=player_embedded>.
--an informational video students made about composting on campus
12.3) "Organic Farm Compost Program at Evergreen." The Evergreen State College. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.evergreen.edu/rad/sustainability/residentialcompost.htm>.
--on-campus composting program
12.4) "Commercial Composting Facility." Silver Springs Organics. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.silverspringsorganics.com/index.html>.
--Silver Springs Organics website
Middlebury College:
13) "Compost Process." Middlebury College. Web. 31 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.middlebury.edu/offices/business/recycle/compost>.
--Middlebury's website
13.1) "Quick Facts." Middlebury College. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.middlebury.edu/about/facts>.
--Middlebury facts
13.2) Material Recovery Facility. Middlebury College. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.middlebury.edu/media/view/185341/original/MRF_Project.pdf>.
--About the MRF
13.3) "Pathways to a Green Campus." Environmental Council. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://community.middlebury.edu/~enviroc/path.html>.
--Pathways to a Green Campus
13.4) "Maintenance and Operations." Middlebury College. Web. 2 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.middlebury.edu/offices/business/facilities/maint_op>.
--Middlebury acreage info
14) Keren, Robert. "Mining Black Gold." Middlebury Magazine. Middlebury College. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://middmag.com/2010/07/mining-black-gold/>.
--Article in Middlebury magazine
UC Davis:
15) "About Project Compost." Project Compost. UC Davis. Web. 31 Nov. 2010. <http://projectcompost.ucdavis.edu/>.
--Project compost’s website
15.1) "UC Davis Facts: General Statistics." UC Davis News & Information. Web. 2 Dec. 2010.
<http://facts.ucdavis.edu/general_statistics.lasso>.
--Davis General Statistics
15.2) "History of Project Compost." Project Compost. Web. 31 Nov. 2010. <http://projectcompost.ucdavis.edu/node/21>.
--History of Project Compost
15.3) "The Bucket Program." UC Davis: Student Housing. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.housing.ucdavis.edu/sustainability/thebucket.asp>.
--The Bucket Program
15.4) For Educational and Functional College Composting Program. Project Compost. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://projectcompost.ucdavis.edu/sites/default/files/COLLEGE_.pdf>.
--Project Compost’s guide to campus-wide composting
15.5) "Project Compost." The Definitive Resource for Davis, California. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://daviswiki.org/Project_Compost>.
--DavisWiki page on Project Compost
15.6) The Student Farm. Agricultural Sustainability Institute at UC Davis. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://studentfarm.ucdavis.edu/>.
--Student Experimental farm website
15.7) Sommers-Miller, Alexa. E-mail interview. 2 Dec. 2010.
--Emails back and forth with Project Compost Unit Director and Pile manager
Brown:
16) The Student Farm. Agricultural Sustainability Institute at UC Davis. Web. 31 Nov. 2010. <http://studentfarm.ucdavis.edu/>.
--Facts about Brown
16.1) "Earth Tub." Green Mountain Technologies. Web. 2 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.compostingtechnology.com/invesselsystems/earthtub/>.
--Earth Tub!
General Composting Facts:
17) "Basic Information about Food Waste." US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 1 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/organics/food/fd-basic.htm>.
1) "Residential Compost Collection Program." Recology SF. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.recologysf.com/residentialCompost.htm>.
--Recology’s sf website.
1.1) "Separating Kitchen Scraps." (Winter 2010). Recology SF. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://sunsetscavenger.com/pdf/RecologySFWinter2010.pdf>.
--Quarterly Recology newsletter.
1.2) "Communities We Serve." Recology. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://www.recology.com/profile/communities.php>.
--Recology’s website.
1.3) Recology SF. Media Kits. 24 Nov. 2009. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://www.recology.com/press_room/media_kit.php?
kit=urban_farm>.
--Recology press release
2) "San Francisco City, California." Population Finder. US Census Bureau. Web. 02 Dec. 2010.
<http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US0667000&
_geoContext=01000US&_street=&_county=san+francisco&_cityTown=san+francisco&
_state=04000US06&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pg>.
--SF population facts
2.1) "San Francisco (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau." State and County QuickFacts. US Census Bureau. Web.
02 Dec. 2010. <http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0667000.html>.
--US Census Bureau for SF
3) "Sfenvironment.org: Our City's Programs: Zero Waste: Composting." Sfenvironment.org: Main - Our Home. Our City.
Our Planet. SF Environment. Web. 03 Dec. 2010. <http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_programs/topics.html?
ssi=3&ti=6>.
--San Francisco's Environment Department
3.1) Made, Soko. Telephone interview. 23 Nov. 2010.
--City Government Zero Waste Assistant
4) Jepson Prairie Organics, Inc. Web. 30 Dec. 2010. <http://www.jepsonprairieorganics.com/>.
--A wholly owned subsidiary of Recology, operates a compost facility at 6426 Hay Road, two miles east of Vacaville,
California.
Seattle:
5) "Seattle Public Utilities -- Food & Yard Waste at Your House." Seattle.gov Home Page - The Official Web Site for the City of
Seattle, Washington. Web. 25 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.seattle.gov/util/Services/Yard/Yard_Waste_Collection/index.asp>.
--Seattle’s public website
5.1) Seattle Public Utilities. Where Does It Go? Seattle Public Utilities. See What Goes in Your Recycling, Food and Yard
Waste or Garbage. Jan. 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.seattle.gov/util/groups/public/@spu/@csb/documents/webcontent/spu02_014944.pdf>.
--List of things you can and can’t compost
5.2) Seattle Public Utilities. Look Who's Composting. Web. 25 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.seattle.gov/util/groups/public/@spu/@csb/documents/webcontent/spu02_014492.pdf>.
--Businesses that compost in Seattle
5.3) "Seattle (city) QuickFacts." US Census Bureau, 16 Aug. 2010. Web. 02 Dec. 2010.
<http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/53/5363000.html>.
--US Census Bureau facts on seattle
5.4) "Seattle City Council Resolution Index." Seattle City Clerk's Online Information Services. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~scripts/nph-brs.exe?s1=&s3=&s2=&s4=zero
waste&Sect4=AND&l=20&Sect2=THESON&Sect3=PLURON&Sect5=RESNY&Sect6=HITOFF&d
=RESF&p=1&u=/~public/resny.htm&r=10&f=G>.
--Details of resolution 30990
6) Doughman, Andrew. "Seattle Piles on to Its National Leadership in Composting." Seattle Times 15 Apr. 2010. Seattle
Times Newspaper. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011619399
_compost16m.html?syndication=rss>.
--"Seattle piles on to its national leadership in composting” article
7) Home | Cedar Grove. 2008. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://www.cedar-grove.com/default.asp>.
--The company that processes all of Seattle’s compost
7.1) "Technology: Making a Difference." Cedar Grove. 2008. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://www.cedar
grove.com/about/technology.asp>.
--Information about Cedar Grove’s technology
Vancouver:
8) "Residential Food Scraps Collection." City of Vancouver. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://vancouver.ca/projects/foodWaste/index.htm>.
8.1) "Vancouver Fast Facts." BCPassport. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.bcpassport.com/vancouver-vital-
information/vancouver-fastfacts.aspx>.
--Vancouver facts
8.2) "Greenest City 2020." City of Vancouver. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://vancouver.ca/greenestcity/index.htm>.
--Vancouver’s Greenest City 2020 website
8.3) City of Vancouver. Vancouver Green Capital. City of Vancouver. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://vancouver.ca/greencapital/pdf/VGC_City-Wide_Composting_FactSheet.pdf>.
--Compost fact sheet
9) Thomson, Stephen. "City of Vancouver to Launch Food-scrap Composting Service." Straight.com. 20 Apr. 2010. Web. 30
Nov. 2010. <http://www.straight.com/article-318847/vancouver/city-vancouver-launch-
foodscrap-composting-service>.
10) "Technologies." Fraser Richmond Soil & Fibre Ltd. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. <http://www.fraserrichmond.ca/technologies/>.
--Fraser Richmond’s composting website
10.1) "Aerated Static Pile Composting." US Environmental Protection Agency, 7 Oct. 2008. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/composting/static.htm>.
--About aerated static pile composting
Providence:
11) "Providence Recycling Office." City of Providence - The Creative Capital. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.providenceri.com/green/index.php>.
--Recycling website for providence
11.1) "Providence (city) QuickFacts." US Census Bureau. Web. 2 Dec. 2010.
<http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/44/4459000.html>.
--US Census Bureau facts on Providence
11.2) A Look at Rhode Island Agriculture. US Department of Agriculture. Web. 2 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.agclassroom.org/kids/stats/rhodeisland.pdf>.
--Facts about providence farmland
11.3) Gerritt, Greg. E-mail interview. 30 Nov. 2010.
--Where providence’s waste goes, what to do
11.4) "Providence, Rhode Island (RI) Profile." Onboard Informatics. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.city-
data.com/city/Providence-Rhode-Island.html>.
--Data on income demographics.
11.5) Rhode Island Department of Labor and Training. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.dlt.ri.gov/>.
--Providence unemployment stats
11.6) "Greg Gerritt." Green Party of the United States. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.gp.org/speakers/detail.php?ID=13>.
--Info on Greg Gerritt
Evergreen State College:
12) "Compost Facility at Evergreen." The Evergreen State College. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.evergreen.edu/cell/compost.htm>.
--The school’s composting facility
12.1) The Evergreen State College. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.evergreen.edu>.
--Evergreen's website, general info on the school
12.2) Angela Schools the New Kid on Composting. YouTube. Web. 31 Nov. 2010. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=WYXjb2FQhj8&feature=player_embedded>.
--an informational video students made about composting on campus
12.3) "Organic Farm Compost Program at Evergreen." The Evergreen State College. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.evergreen.edu/rad/sustainability/residentialcompost.htm>.
--on-campus composting program
12.4) "Commercial Composting Facility." Silver Springs Organics. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.silverspringsorganics.com/index.html>.
--Silver Springs Organics website
Middlebury College:
13) "Compost Process." Middlebury College. Web. 31 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.middlebury.edu/offices/business/recycle/compost>.
--Middlebury's website
13.1) "Quick Facts." Middlebury College. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.middlebury.edu/about/facts>.
--Middlebury facts
13.2) Material Recovery Facility. Middlebury College. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.middlebury.edu/media/view/185341/original/MRF_Project.pdf>.
--About the MRF
13.3) "Pathways to a Green Campus." Environmental Council. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://community.middlebury.edu/~enviroc/path.html>.
--Pathways to a Green Campus
13.4) "Maintenance and Operations." Middlebury College. Web. 2 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.middlebury.edu/offices/business/facilities/maint_op>.
--Middlebury acreage info
14) Keren, Robert. "Mining Black Gold." Middlebury Magazine. Middlebury College. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://middmag.com/2010/07/mining-black-gold/>.
--Article in Middlebury magazine
UC Davis:
15) "About Project Compost." Project Compost. UC Davis. Web. 31 Nov. 2010. <http://projectcompost.ucdavis.edu/>.
--Project compost’s website
15.1) "UC Davis Facts: General Statistics." UC Davis News & Information. Web. 2 Dec. 2010.
<http://facts.ucdavis.edu/general_statistics.lasso>.
--Davis General Statistics
15.2) "History of Project Compost." Project Compost. Web. 31 Nov. 2010. <http://projectcompost.ucdavis.edu/node/21>.
--History of Project Compost
15.3) "The Bucket Program." UC Davis: Student Housing. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.housing.ucdavis.edu/sustainability/thebucket.asp>.
--The Bucket Program
15.4) For Educational and Functional College Composting Program. Project Compost. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://projectcompost.ucdavis.edu/sites/default/files/COLLEGE_.pdf>.
--Project Compost’s guide to campus-wide composting
15.5) "Project Compost." The Definitive Resource for Davis, California. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://daviswiki.org/Project_Compost>.
--DavisWiki page on Project Compost
15.6) The Student Farm. Agricultural Sustainability Institute at UC Davis. Web. 31 Nov. 2010.
<http://studentfarm.ucdavis.edu/>.
--Student Experimental farm website
15.7) Sommers-Miller, Alexa. E-mail interview. 2 Dec. 2010.
--Emails back and forth with Project Compost Unit Director and Pile manager
Brown:
16) The Student Farm. Agricultural Sustainability Institute at UC Davis. Web. 31 Nov. 2010. <http://studentfarm.ucdavis.edu/>.
--Facts about Brown
16.1) "Earth Tub." Green Mountain Technologies. Web. 2 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.compostingtechnology.com/invesselsystems/earthtub/>.
--Earth Tub!
General Composting Facts:
17) "Basic Information about Food Waste." US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 1 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/organics/food/fd-basic.htm>.